The Chinese Journal of International Politics Advance Access originally published online on October 31, 2008
The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2008 2(2):263-286; doi:10.1093/cjip/pon010
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Reproduced from the Quarterly Journal of International Politics, with kind permission of the authors and the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University
Discourses on Salt and Iron and China's Ancient Strategic Culture*

Zhu Zhongbo is a PhD student in the School of International Relations, Peking University.
Wang Ning is Professor in the Institute for International Relations and Foreign Affairs at Shanghai International Studies University. He can be reached at wangn@shisu.edu.cn
Corresponding author. Email: chestnut7766@yahoo.com.cn
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
A generation ago, the predominant view among analysts of China was that Chinese leaders in the early 1900s had only a rather limited and confining repertoire of strategic thought available to them. ... But perhaps most important, recent scholarship has discovered that traditional Chinese strategic thought was a good deal more sophisticated and varied than earlier interpretation allowed. ... As more recent writings have stressed, Confucianism was hardly a monolithic system of thought, and when Legalist and Daoist thought were added to the mix, Chinese intellectual traditions were rich, diverse, and wide-ranging.1
There has been a surge of interest since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the 1990s, among Chinese and foreign scholars in China's strategic culture. One important reason is China's gradual growth from a regional great power to international super power, and the question of whether or not China's rise presents a threat to world
| Foreign Strategic Options during Active Offence |
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| Foreign Strategic Options during Passive Defence Situations |
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| Foreign Strategic Options during No-Offence No-Defence Situations |
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| Conclusion |
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